Published and distributed by H2 Interactive Co., Ltd. In the DLC, he shows various aspects as a character including his true powers as the legendary swordsman, inner pains, and the love for his family.Ĭopyright ARC SYSTEM WORKS Co., Ltd. This is the first time Jubei appears as a playable character in the series. He is the husband of Nine and the father of Kokonoe. He is Ragna the Bloodedge's master who also saved his life and has a major role in relation with other characters as well in the Centralfiction story. Jubei is one of the Six-Heroes that saved the mankind from the Great Dark War a hundred years ago. Graphics: nVidia GeForce 8800 GT or better / AMD Radeon HD3700 / NVidia GeForce GT 650 (Windows 8.1) This content requires the base game BlazBlue Centralfiction on Steam in order to play Eltnum 6 years ago 1 Hey peeps, Ive been having trouble with the Es and Mai DLC, where I cant seem to download them after purchasing them. Steam account required for game activation and installation Learn more about the BlazBlue: Centralficton - Jubei DLC Model NameīlazBlue: Centralficton - Jubei DLC Graphics: nVidia GeForce 8800 GT or better / AMD Radeon HD3700 / nVidia GeForce GT 650 (Windows 8.1)Ĭategories Action Tags BlazBlue: Central Fiction. For BlazBlue: Central Fiction on the PlayStation 4, a GameFAQs message board topic titled 'Will people who dont have the game be able to download the characters for free'.Password: The download is for BlazBlue: Central Fiction v1.01 – file size is 14.3GB BlazBlue: Central Fiction System Requirements Once the installation is complete, you can now launch the game using the game’s shortcut on your desktop.Run the game setup inside the extracted folder and install the game.Once BlazBlue: Central Fiction has finished downloading, extract the file using a software such as WinRAR.If using a torrent download, you will first need to download uTorrent. Choose a mirror to complete your download.BlazBlue Centralfiction v1. Please check back later if you are unable to download this file. You will be redirected to a download page for BlazBlue: Central Fiction. Download 2.01. We are experiencing some technical issues with our download servers due to an outage at our colocation facility. Download the fix in the installation steps, as always. How to Download and Install BlazBlue: Central Fiction I currently dont have the Jubei DLC, but I hope it doesnt need a fix. The new gameplay mechanics are: Exceed Accel, a special type of Distortion Drive, which is executed a same input as Overdrive activation by holding it during Overdrive activation, or pressing it, begins with the character performing a specific attack in their move-set, and once it connects the rest of the background shatters away into the Overdrive background effect when the attack is performed. The Overdrive activation’s duration is now shown under the Burst Gauge in the form of a countdown timer (which counts seconds and split-seconds) The character portrait near the health bar shakes when taking damage and each character’s emblem appears on their side when the phrase “The Wheel of Fate is Turning” shows at the start of the first Rebel. About BlazBlue: Central FictionīlazBlue: Central Fiction, released in Japan as BlazBlue: Centralfiction is a 2-D fighting video game developed by Arc System Works.Following the gameplay from BlazBlue Chrono Phantasma Extend, there are additional changes and new mechanics. Download BlazBlue: Central Fiction for free on PC – this page will show you how to download and install the full version of BlazBlue: Central Fiction on PC.
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When you are starting out, the first thing you look up for may even be “how to make stickers in Photoshop”. The first thing that comes to mind when someone wants to produce their own graphics, SVGs for Cricut, logos, or designs is frequently tools like Photoshop. Inkscape might be one of the best free programs you’ve ever heard of for those just getting started in graphics design.
Whether you decide to do yours with Desenio or not, hopefully this helps make the gallery wall process just a little bit easier for you! Measure the wall you would like your gallery wall on Here is a step by step guide on how to design and install your Desenio gallery wall. I decided to put together this step by step guide on exactly how I designed and installed my Desenio gallery wall to help make the process easier for you.ĭon’t forget to use code XKIRSTENW on the Desenio website for 10% off your entire purchase Designing your Gallery Wall with Desenio I know even though I say it was easy, the process can definitely be intimidating. Credit: Desenioĭesenio and their incredible selection of art, frames, and their amazing gallery wall designer made the entire gallery wall process a lot easier for me. They sell stylish wall art that is affordable for everyone.Īt Desenio, you will not only find a wide selection of posters in all sorts of themes, styles, and colors, but also beautiful frames that are easy to install. Their prints are just so beautiful! About Desenioīased out of Switzerland, Desenio is passionate about interiors and specifically, Scandinavian design. I will now never be intimidated to put up a gallery wall again, and will hands down purchase all my gallery wall art and frames from Desenio in the future. In fact so much so, that I ended up putting a gallery wall up in my living room right after! I’ve always wanted a gallery wall, but I’ll admit the task seemed pretty daunting to me so I avoided it till now.įiguring out which prints to pick, making sure they all looked good together, figuring out the sizing and space, and then installing it all properly seemed like a lot of work!Īlthough the task of designing and setting up a gallery wall isn’t the easiest, Desenio definitely made the process so much easier. It’s amazing how much a gallery wall can really transform your space and bring everything together. One of my absolute favourite things I’ve done to my apartment was put up a gallery wall in the bedroom. Needless to say I’ve been absolutely consumed with all things interior design and decorating to make my apartment my own. I’ve always had a roommate before and now I live in my first apartment on my own which is pretty exciting stuff. I recently moved to Montreal into my first apartment. You’ll quickly see why I was so impressed with Desenio.ī y the way – you can use code XKIRSTENW on the Desenio website for 10% off your entire purchase Firstly, a little backstory Since I was so pleasantly surprised, I wanted to put together this step by step guide on how I designed and installed my gallery with Desenio, as well as a full Desenio review to help you plan your own gallery wall. I was not only thrilled with the results, but also how easy the process was thanks to Desenio. I recently put up an incredible gallery wall in my bedroom that absolutely transformed it. Thinking of putting up a gallery wall in your apartment or home? This Desenio Review with a step by step guide on how to design and install a gallery wall is for you! Now all of a sudden it Only shows up in a totally different state and with exact name search. Is there something I could do to send signals to Google to show that I am in Matthews, NC?Ģ months ago my listing quit showing up at all unless you typed exact business name What could possibly cause my listing or Google to do this? I have been without my listing for a few months now and have NO calls coming in from it. If you search Locksmith Independence, KS it shows up on the maps. If you search Locksmith Matthews, NC my listing does not show up at all. Keep in mind the GMB is in Matthews, NC All my service areas and the actual map show the correct areas. Now if I search my business name under the auto populate I see it with Independence, KS on the listing. I pretty much do not have any traffic, views or calls now. Posted about my SAB listing a few weeks ago about not showing up in search only when you entered the exact name. '09, computer science) spearheaded the effort to establish this fund on behalf of the Brin family, which also includes his brother and Google co-founder, Sergey Brin (B.S. Holder: Daniel Gottesman, Professor of Computer Science ’76, microbiology) and Susan Simon in 2016 to create the university's first endowed chair in the life sciences, emphasizing research on human health and/or disease. Their donations were matched by funding from the state’s Maryland E-Nnovation Initiative (MEI).īrin Family Endowed Professorships in Theoretical Computer Science ’70, microbiology) and Mary Balo joined forces with Nicholas (B.S. Carroll, Professor of BiologyĪndrew (B.S. This fund was established by Millard Alexander, a Distinguished University Emeritus Professor in the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Institute for Physical Science and Technology, and his wife Lee to support a professor in the area of chemical physics.Īndrew and Mary Balo & Nicholas and Susan Simon Endowed E-Nnovate Chair Millard and Lee Alexander Professorship in Chemical Physics Millard Alexander, a Distinguished University Professor Emeritus in the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Institute for Physical Science and Technology, established this fund in August 2003 to support a professor of chemistry. Fourkas, Professor of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Institute for Physical Science and Technology Millard Alexander Professorship in Chemistry They confer prestige to the holder and the institution, and they provide the college with an extremely valuable tool in recruiting and retaining the best faculty. If you are interested in creating an endowed chair or professorship that fits your personal passion and intention, please contact Megan Carnell at 30. We are grateful for the loyal support of the donors who created these endowed faculty positions that promote excellence in teaching and research.Ĭreating an endowed chair or professorship is one of the most significant investments you can make to our college. Receiving an endowed chair or professorship is one of the highest honors bestowed on faculty members and provide them with a stable source of revenue for their research program. The College of Computer, Mathematical, and Natural Sciences at the University of Maryland boasts more than three dozen endowed faculty chairs and professorships. They were quite fun to work with as well. The different options for “noodle” types are cool. Sooooooo much easier than a manual one which was seriously hard to crank food out with. They thought of a lot of things that worried me about using an electric spiralizer as opposed to a manual one. This was actually alot better that I expected it to be. Of course you can’t use it on all veggies but you save time with the ones you can. This spiralizer makes prepping for meals super fast and easy to have more vegetables in your life. The back of the base has a cord storage area and everything is placed in the bowl.Įven the food chute and pusher can be in the base and don’t stick out! And it comes with a nifty little cleaning brush for when you can’t quite reach to clean. I also have to remember that it’s the cone and not the food that turns. Speaking of carrots, they are the only vegetable that I had a little trouble with, kinda tricky but I think I just need to practice, no biggie. I used the ribbon blade on 3 carrots and one squash and still had plenty of room in the bowl. The bowl is a decent size, nothing is more annoying than to have a small cup and have to empty it every 3 seconds. The food pusher has good sharp blades and holds everything together. Sandwich it between two baking sheets, place a cast-iron skillet on top (or anything that’ll weigh the fish down enough to drain all the water), and put the whole contraption in a nice and chilly refrigerator.Assembly is easy and fast. This is no time for laziness-the salmon needs to be wrapped so tightly that no air will get in and no liquid will escape. Next, wrap the salmon in parchment paper and plastic wrap like you’re getting paid to wrap holiday presents at the mall. It’s gonna look like a lot of cure, but that’s what makes this recipe so hands-off: You won’t need to flip the salmon every day to redistribute it. Make the cure-dill, salt, brown sugar, grapefruit and lemon zest, and peppercorns-and cover every side of the salmon with it, including the skin. Don’t worry if it’s farm-raised or wild, just buy the freshest salmon you can find at a price you’re comfortable spending. Chris recommends requesting a thicker cut of the fish-request from middle or closer to the head-and staying away from the tail, which gets too thin. The recipe calls for a 3-pound chunk of filleted salmon to feed 12 people (if you’re making it for a smaller group, buy a 1-pound chunk and cut the recipe by one-third). That is, until I saw this new recipe for citrus and dill gravlax from our own, very exacting Chris Morocco.Ĭompared to other at-home curing methods, there’s minimal room for error with this one. I had one bite, panicked that I had listeria, and swore I’d never make my own gravlax again. We were bad lox parents and the final product was mostly inedible, and suspiciously slimy and soggy. The process reminds me of that high school health class project where you carry a sack of flour around like it’s a baby, except in this case, your hands are covered in fish oil instead of flour. Every 24 hours, you have to unwrap the fish from its tight packaging, drain it, flip it, and repeat. Gravlax takes about two to three days to come to fruition, and many recipes, including the one I followed in July (and old recipes we’ve published) require you to care for the salmon like it’s a small child during that period. I place some of the blame on my partner and me for being bad lox babysitters. I place the majority of the blame on the still-unidentified member of my family who left the refrigerator door ajar for 18 hours, destroying most, if not all, of the food inside. I wasn’t crazy about the idea-I’m deeply scared of foodborne illnesses-but since he was so full of hope, I suggested we do it at my parent’s house over the Fourth of July. I think we should start making our own gravlax.” He told me his dreams of curing salmon during the week and inviting friends over on weekends to feast on our hard work. “Ellie,” he said, “I've been doing a lot of research and. About six months ago, my boyfriend sat me down, took his hand in mine, and looked me in the eye. Gunma man who sought “popularity” arrested after uploading Studio Ghibli’s “Kaze Tachinu” Sources: NHK, Itai News, Agency for Cultural Affairs, CRIC So when in doubt, do what top cosplayer Enako does and ask them, otherwise use it at your own risk, especially in Japan where penalties can go as high as 10 years in prison. In the end, it all boils down to the opinion of the copyright holder and whether they feel use of their property crosses a line. Without seeing the actual video, it’s impossible to judge if it demonstrates enough unique creativity to be considered fair use, but considering it appears to fall short on the other three factors, it would be an awfully high bar to clear. They estimate that this resulted in damages of 95.6 billion yen at a time when the film industry was struggling with the pandemic. And considering the purpose of the fast movie is to explain the entire plot from beginning to end, CODA could make a strong case that it causes significant harm to filmmaker’s profits.Īccording to one film and anime trade group survey, there were 2,100 fast movies posted by 55 accounts in the past year. The criteria for fair use are usually: size, purpose, creativity, and harm.Īccording to NHK, the video in question was 10 minutes in length, which is a little longer than a lot of video movie recaps and roughly 10 percent of a feature film’s length. Most cases tend to fall somewhere in between those two extreme examples though, such as fast movies. Like in other countries, Japan has “fair use” laws that – while somewhat vague – try to balance the protection of intellectual property with the importance of creative expression and cultural growth.įor example, using copyrighted material for non-profit educational purposes would most likely be fair use but posting a full copyrighted movie on YouTube while collecting ad revenue for it will almost certainly lead to handcuffs if caught. “Wow, did those people even get a warning first?” “After watching fast movies, don’t people feel like they want to see the whole thing?” I’m ashamed to say that I’m not going to bother watching the movie now.” “There is a case that it damages the movies, but in another way it promotes them too. After watching them I don’t really see a need to watch the actual full movie.” “I’ve seen some of these videos and get why the movie companies are upset. “If they are using the movies to get ad revenue then it’s wrong.” Most comments online seemed to feel that those who infringe on copyrights need to be taken to task, but some raised the question of whether a fast movie was a serious enough case of infringement. ▼ A news report showing two of the suspects getting arrested CODA then handed over the information to the Miyagi Prefectural Police, who oversaw the arrests. In this case, the Japanese trade group Content Overseas Distribution Association (CODA) sought a court order in the United States to get the identities of the fast movie uploaders from YouTube. The advent of YouTube made tracking down uploaders a little more straightforward. Back in the days of widespread P2P file sharing, scores of people were arrested for uploading and sharing copyrighted material as was the creator of Japan’s largest P2P software Winny. This is the latest incident that demonstrates how copyright infringement in Japan is a criminal offense that could result in prison time. “Fast movie” is the Japanese term for those movie summary videos with titles like “Such-and-such In 5 Minutes”, where heavily edited clips or still images of an entire film are put together and narrated with a voice-over or subtitles. On June 23, Miyagi Prefectural Police announced the arrest of two men and one woman for uploading a fast movie to YouTube in July of last year. DeFi giant MakerDAO went underwater $4MĪccording to a blog post by Maker, MakerDAO, one of the largest Ethereum's DeFi applications faced an emergency shutdown as its under-collateralized debt reached over $4 million.Īt about eight o'clock in the evening, the CoinLoan team kept communicating with customers, checking the numbers and functionality of the platform.Holding up so far, monitoring all systems.ĭue to a temporary network issue, withdrawals and deposits of #ETH and #ERC20 tokens have been delayed for about two hours. Overall 5x system load than all previous peaks. some futures ADL and margin calls, no cyclic crashes. futures UI 500 errors for a few minutes, fixed spot depth push experienced some delays, fixed Unfortunately, many crypto-companies have not escaped the technical issues. Many loans have been liquidated due to rapid price changes, but the big part was saved thanks to the fast reaction of borrowers in cooperation with CoinLoan's support team. The platform never had a single case of failure during the 12th of March. For instance, we accelerated and accepted deposits manually before the network confirmed them during the “traffic jam.”ĬoinLoan's infrastructure coped with its job. We received dozens of requests in support and did everything in our power to avert liquidations and avoid the platform breakdowns. It was a high-stress moment for the team. Such a flow required only a minute while the Ethereum network could detain transactions for close to an hour. To make rapid deposits, some users transferred fiat to the platform via Visa/MasterCard and changed it into crypto directly on CoinLoan. In particular, many CoinLoaners used our new feature to make repayments with collateral before it was devalued even more. The alternative solution was to prepay the loan ahead. Users were wasting their precious time needed to protect loans from zeroing. For users, this meant that a transaction either became very expensive or took a very long time to be written into the blockchain until prices correct even more. Many exchanges experienced some form of infrastructure problems during the price crash. Average time for confirmations 2680 seconds (44 minutes) /nPENzWA4yH- CZ Binance □□□ March 12, 2020 The average cost of an ETH transaction has risen to $0.58, with confirmation taking up to 44 minutes. A massive amount of panic selling has overloaded the Ethereum network to a degree not seen in a year. To avoid liquidation, users deposited crypto to the platform to add more collateral. However, some investors didn't have time to react during the free fall. There were no totally sudden ones, as all clients got their margin calls that morning. When the market value of collateral plunged, it brought the first wave of liquidations on CoinLoan. Other cryptocurrencies fell greatly as well. For the whole day, Bitcoin lost 31.5% of its value. 12:30-12:50 (UTC +2), Bitcoin CrashesĪt some point around noon, Bitcoin sharply dropped 21% from $7,356 to $5,796 in about twenty minutes. Users had a few hours to react to those early notifications the ones who strengthened their positions at that point significantly increased their chances when the market went into a tailspin. Clients got first margin call notifications asking to add more collateral. Black Thursday Chart showing the 12.03 daily move, from Coindesk Starting From 8 AM (UTC +2), Bitcoin Prices Begin to Decline GraduallyĬoinLoans’ internal system has notified the team that many loans start to fall into liquidation risk status (over ~80% LTV) one by one. If you consider that much of our personal growth comes from the most painful events in our lives, we could even look at turbulent times as the most excellent learning opportunities. Moreover, we’re happy we could help some users that have been caught off guard. Despite temporal dysfunctions within the crypto market, the team has successfully coped with all challenges. The story from the inside of CoinLoan includes margin calls, sleepless nights, and delayed transactions. Read how the crypto-lending industry was on thin ice struggling to manage tons of margin calls at once and help thousands of users to avoid collateral liquidations. We tell you the story of the financial disaster that will be recorded in the history of crypto as the largest single-day drop. March 12th and 13th, 2020, will be remembered as days that brought the most significant stress test to the crypto-lending ecosystem and the whole financial market. Instead, contact the District or individual employee by phone or in writing." "Leon County Schools is not responsible for the content provided on "related" and "promoted" videos that are accessible from our social media sites. If you do not want your e-mail address released in response to a public records request, do not send electronic mail regarding official business to the District or any of its employees. "Under Florida law, e-mail addresses are public records. No, the district does not employ substitute drivers. Local School Districts, Policies and Proceduresĭoes the district have substitute drivers?.Throughout the school year, there are mandatory training and workshops. Preparation to take the DHSMV CDL Written Test which includes:Įach school bus operator must have received at least eight hours of annual in-service training related to school bus driving responsibilities.40-hour school bus driver course, including 20 hours of classroom instruction using the Florida Basic School Bus Operator Curriculum, 8 hours of behind-the-wheel.The Florida Department of Education School Bus Driver Curriculum.Training is available for selected applicants to become certified school bus operators for the purpose of driving for Leon County Schools. The purpose of this training is to reduce the injury/death of school-age students while being transported to and from school, activity trips, and on school-sponsored trips. Leon County Schools Transportation Department follows the state mandated program to train bus drivers and/or assistants. Driving ExperienceĮach school bus operator shall have a minimum of five years of licensed driving experience (Class E License) or hold a Commercial Driver License (CDL) Class A or B CDL with a Passenger endorsement. Also, Form ESE 479 is the annual dexterity and reflex test that must be completed successfully by each operator to ensure he or she is capable of performing key tasks relating to the operation of the bus. Certificates are retained in the school district’s transportation department. Medical ExaminationsĮach school bus operator must pass a state-prescribed annual physical examination meeting United States Department of Transportation (USDOT) guidelines, and hold a valid Medical Examiner Certificate (Department of Education Form ESE 479). If a school bus operator was previously employed or volunteered in a position requiring a Commercial Driver License (CDL) during the two years prior, the new employer must provide documentation of a request for drug and alcohol testing results from previous employers who employed this individual in a CDL position. Drug ScreeningĮach school bus operator trainee must receive a pre-employment drug screening (Federal Omnibus Transportation Employees Testing Act of 1991, or OTETA). Background ScreeningĪll potential employees if selected are required to submit fingerprints to Leon County Schools Fingering Services for the purpose of required background checks for criminal records through the state of Florida and federal law enforcement agencies, pursuant to Sections 1012.465, FS. These records are obtained using the Automated School Bus Drivers’ License Record Check System. The district is required to request a driving history record on a specified schedule (prior to employment and at least three times annually or via weekly exceptions reports) for each person driving a school bus with students. The district will request an entire driving history record (MVR) from all potential applicants considering employment as a school bus a driver. Exceptional Student Education (ESE) - Instructional Services.Tallahassee Area Coalition Center of Excellence.School Improvement, Accountability, and Testing.Professional Learning and Curriculum Services.Juvenile Justice Education Program and Transition Services.FDLRS (Florida Diagnostic & Learning Resource Services).Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act (FERPA).Communications: Media & Press Inquiries.Code Enforcement & Compliance Department.Success Academy at Ghazvini Learning Center.Second Chance at Ghazvini Learning Center. “The data can be sold to third parties, such as big tech companies or to insurance companies, where it could then be used to make targeting decisions, such as whether to sell you a life insurance policy, or how much your premium should be,” said Giulia De Togni, a health and artificial intelligence researcher at the University of Edinburgh in Scotland.įlo Health, headquartered in London, settled with the Federal Trade Commission last year over allegations that the company, after promises of privacy, shared health data of users using its fertility-tracking app with outside data analytics companies, including Facebook and Google. Some period-tracking apps, which often ask for health information besides menstrual cycle details, take part in the broader internet data economy, too. When it comes to marketing, a pregnant person’s data is particularly of high value and can be hard to hide from the barrage of cookies and bots. If the app is free - and the company is monetizing the data - then “you are the product” and HIPAA does not apply, Savage said.Ī 2019 study published in the BMJ found that 79% of health apps available through the Google Play store regularly shared user data and were “far from transparent.” Still, HIPAA doesn’t prevent the company from sharing de-identified data. Period-tracking apps are often not covered under the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act, or HIPAA, though if the company is billing for health care services, it can be. Subscribe to KFF Health News' free Morning Briefing. “If you can’t find terms of service or a privacy policy, don’t use that app.” “Does it encrypt? What’s its business model?” said Lucia Savage, chief privacy and regulatory officer for Omada Health, a digital therapeutics company. Privacy policies - specifically, whether the apps sell information to data brokers, use the data for advertising, share it for research, or keep it solely within the app - vary substantially among companies. That got us wondering - are these concerns warranted, and should people who use period-tracking apps delete the data or the app completely from their phones? We asked the experts. Similarly, Eva Galperin, a cybersecurity expert, said the data could “be used to prosecute you if you ever choose to have an abortion.” “If you are using an online period tracker or tracking your cycles through your phone, get off it and delete your data,” activist and attorney Elizabeth McLaughlin said in a viral tweet. Many users recommended immediately deleting all personal data from period-tracking apps. They were expressing concerns about the privacy of this information - especially for people who live in states with strict limits on abortion - and how it might be used against them. Wade, the landmark decision that guarantees the constitutional right to an abortion, would be overturned, people turned to social media. It can be republished for free.Īfter Politico published on May 2 a draft opinion from the Supreme Court indicating that Roe v. If patient A is the index patient, infected in Wuhan, her incubation period would have been 28 days, which would be extremely long, according to updated information (W.J. Despite symptom resolution, on January 30 she was confirmed to have SARS-CoV-2 infection. On January 15–16, 2020, she had a fever, but symptoms resolved without treatment. Patient A, a 30-year-old woman, the only case-patient who indicated that she had been in Wuhan, China, returned from Wuhan on December 18, 2019. The Wenzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention traced and tested their contacts, and by January 28, COVID-19 was confirmed for 7 persons (patients A–G) from the same office (on floor 7). On January 21, COVID-19 was confirmed for patient E and his co-worker, patient G. On January 20, 2020, a 23-year-old man (patient E) sought care at a hospital after 11 days of fever and headache. The study was approved with written consent from the Ethics Committee of Wenzhou Central Hospital and written informed consent from all case-patients. We analyzed clinical and laboratory data for cases by using real-time reverse transcription PCR ( 1). To determine how the virus may have spread among a cluster of COVID-19 cases associated with a shopping mall in Wenzhou (a city with 8 million residents), China, we monitored and traced close contacts and hypothesized possible transmission modes. However, these transmission modes do not explain all cases. Elucidation of the factors related to the genesis of the strong inflammatory response occurring early during the infectious process in these asymptomatic individuals could increase our understanding of the disease.Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the causative agent of coronavirus disease (COVID-19), is presumed to spread primarily via respiratory droplets and close contact. The lack of genetic differences between symptomatic and asymptomatic individuals suggest that asymptomatic Ebola infection did not result from viral mutations. This study showed that asymptomatic, replicative Ebola infection can and does occur in human beings. Asymptomatic individuals had a strong inflammatory response characterised by high circulating concentrations of cytokines and chemokines. The glycoprotein and viral protein of 24 kDa genes showed no nucleotide differences between symptomatic and asymptomatic individuals. Western-blot analysis showed that IgG responses were directed to nucleoprotein and viral protein of 40 kDa. PCR products were then sequenced.ġ1 of 24 asymptomatic individuals developed both IgM and IgG responses to Ebola antigens, indicating viral infection. RNA was extracted from peripheral blood mononuclear cells, and reverse transcriptase-PCR assays were done to amplify RNA of Ebola virus. Serum samples were analysed for the presence of Ebola antigens, virus-specific IgM and IgG (by ELISA and western blot), and different cytokines and chemokines. These asymptomatic individuals were sampled 2, 3, or 4 times during a 1-month period after the first exposure to symptomatic patients. We aimed to determine whether these individuals were indeed infected with Ebola virus, and how they maintained asymptomatic status.īlood was collected from 24 close contacts of symptomatic patients. During both outbreaks we identified some individuals in direct contact with sick patients who never developed symptoms. Two outbreaks of fulminating haemorrhagic fever occurred in northern Gabon in 1996, with a 70% case-fatality rate. Ebola virus is one of the most virulent pathogens, killing a very high proportion of patients within 5-7 days. |
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